{"id":132236,"date":"2026-07-13T22:46:48","date_gmt":"2026-07-13T20:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fosfanariou.gr\/?p=132236"},"modified":"2026-07-13T22:46:52","modified_gmt":"2026-07-13T20:46:52","slug":"o-kirkasios-protergatis-tou-tourkikou-typou-ahmet-midhat-efendi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fosfanariou.gr\/index.php\/2026\/07\/13\/o-kirkasios-protergatis-tou-tourkikou-typou-ahmet-midhat-efendi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039f \u039a\u03b9\u03c1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 Ahmet Midhat Efendi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#143b51\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2,<\/mark> <\/strong>\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2-\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp; \u039f Ahmet Midhat Efendi \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd-\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b6\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae-\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0\u00a0\u039f Ahmet Midhat Efendi \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1844 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03c1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf. \u0388\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1854 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc Haziz Ali A\u011fa \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0392\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf 1857 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03b9\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac (M\u0131s\u0131r \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131).\u00a0\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Ahmet Midhat Pa\u015fa, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1861 \u03bf Ahmet Midhat Pa\u015fa \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2)\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039d\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7 (Tuna Vilayeti) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03a1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba (\u03a1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2).<a id=\"_ftnref1\" href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u039f Ahmet Midhat Pa\u015fa \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc Ahmet Efendi \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 Ahmet Midhat Efendi \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1866 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0<em>Tuna<\/em> (\u0394\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5.<a id=\"_ftnref2\" href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1869 \u03bf Ahmet Midhat Pa\u015fa \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c9\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bf Ahmet Midhat \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5) <em>Zevra <\/em>(\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<a id=\"_ftnref3\" href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u00a0 \u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ae\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u00a0Can Muattar \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03c3\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Muhammed Zehavi. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc <em>H\u00e2ce-i Evvel<\/em>\u00a0(\u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2)\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 <em>K\u0131ssadan Hisse<\/em> (\u0397\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd \u0394\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1). \u03a4\u03bf 1871 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd Basra (\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1), \u03bf Ahmet Midhat \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 Tahtakale \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0 <em>Devir<\/em>\u00a0(\u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae-\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0 <em>Bedir <\/em>(\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac <em>Da\u011farc\u0131k <\/em>(\u0393\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<em>\u00a0 K\u0131rkabar <\/em>(\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2-\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.\u00a0\u03a4\u03bf 1872 \u03bf\u00a0 Ahmet Midhat \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 <em>Ibret <\/em>(\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1) \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03bf Nam\u0131k\u00a0 Kemal \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 Re\u015fat, Ebuzziya Tevfik\u00a0 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Nuri Bey. <a id=\"_ftnref4\" href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u03a4\u03bf 1873 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u00a0 <em>Da\u011farc\u0131k<\/em> \u03bf Ahnet Midhat \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u0390\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Namik Kemal \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Ebuzziya Tevfik \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf (1873-1876) \u03bf Ahnet Midhat \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <em>Hassan Mellah <\/em>(1874),<em>Huseyin Fellah <\/em>(1875) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<em>\u00a0\u00a0 Felatun Bey ile Rakim Efendi <\/em>(\u039f \u03a6\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u039c\u03c0\u03ad\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03a1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03bc \u0395\u03c6\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) 1875. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a1\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf Medrese-i S\u00fcleymaniye \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/fosfanariou.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ahmetmithatefendi.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-132239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fosfanariou.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ahmetmithatefendi.jpg 290w, https:\/\/fosfanariou.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ahmetmithatefendi-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\/\/fosfanariou.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ahmetmithatefendi-150x207.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u03a4\u03bf 1876 (30 \u039c\u03b1\u0390\u03bf\u03c5) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 Abdulaziz \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 Murat V, \u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd&nbsp; Ahnet Midhat \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 <em>Ittihat<\/em><em> <\/em>(\u0388\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7). \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 Abdul Hamid II\u2019&nbsp; \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 31 \u0391\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1876 \u03bf Ahmet Midhat \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 <em>Takvim<\/em><em>&#8211;<\/em><em>i<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Vakayi<\/em><em> <\/em>(\u0397\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0393\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd). \u03a4\u03bf 1878 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 <em>Takvim<\/em><em>&#8211;<\/em><em>i<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Vakayi<\/em><em> <\/em>\u03bf Ahnet Midhat&nbsp; \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 Abdul Hamid II\u2019 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 <em>Tercuman<\/em><em>&#8211;<\/em><em>i<\/em><em> <\/em><em>Hakikat<\/em><em> <\/em>(\u0395\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2) \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1921.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" id=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp; \u03a4\u03bf 1885 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1895 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a5\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf 1889 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b7\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1909 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 (Dar\u00fclf\u00fcn\u00fcn) \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (\u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 1912).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u039f Ahmet Midhat Efendi \u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 medah \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9;\u00bb <a href=\"#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>. \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Ahmet Midhat \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2-\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1. \u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u0388\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u00a0 <em>A\u00e7\u0131kba\u015f <\/em>(\u0391\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 1874), <em>Ahz-i Sar Yahut Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Eski Medeniyeti <\/em>(\u0395\u03ba\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u039f \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2 1874), <em>Hukm-i Dil<\/em> (\u0397 \u00a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 1874), <em>Zuhur-i Osmaniyan<\/em> (\u0397 \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd 1877), \u00c7<em>erkes \u00d6zdenleri<\/em> (\u039a\u03b9\u03c1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u0395\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2) \u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 1883) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0 \u00a0<em>Eyvah <\/em>\u00a0(\u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf 1884). <a id=\"_ftnref7\" href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 1884 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf Gedikpa\u015fa \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u00c7erkes \u00d6zdenleri<\/em> (\u039a\u03b9\u03c1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u0395\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03c1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd.<a id=\"_ftnref8\" href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bf Ahmet Midhat \u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn1\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> \u03a4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9 (vilayet) \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\/\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b6\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u039f \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb \u03b2\u03bb. \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, <em>\u039f\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u00a0 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 I\u0399 \u0397 \u0394\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/em>, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1990, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb 291-294<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> I\u015eIK IHSAN, T\u00fcrkiye Yazarlar Ansiklopedisi, \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 2004, \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 1&nbsp;&nbsp; \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb 48&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Kolo\u011flu Orhan, <em>Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fc\u00fcuze T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bas\u0131n<\/em>, \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 1992, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Kolo\u011flu Orhan, , \u03cc\u03c0.\u03c0, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb 39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn5\" href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2,\u00a0<em><ins>\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u00ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03a3\u03b1\u03b2\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1878<\/ins><\/em><ins>,\u00a0\u0395\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b7, \u039e\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7-\u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae 2003,<\/ins> \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u00a086. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn6\" href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Medah: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b8\u03b5\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae, Ortaoyunu,\u00a0\u03bf\u03b9\u00a0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b2\u03bb. \u00dcnl\u00fc Asl\u0131han, <em>T\u00fcrk Tiyatrosunun Antropolojisi, <\/em>\u0386\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 2006, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb 73,74. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn7\" href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> And Metin, <em>Tanzimat ve Me\u015frutiyet Tiyatrosu<\/em>, \u03c3\u03b5\u00a0<em>Tanzimat\u2019tan Cumhuriyet\u2019e T\u00fcrkiye Ansiklopedisi<\/em>, \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 1985, \u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 6<sup>\u03bf\u03c2<\/sup> \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb 1616.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn8\" href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> Yal\u00e7\u0131n Alemdar, <em>II Me\u015frutiyette Tiyatro Edebiyati Tarihi<\/em>, \u0386\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 2002, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u00a026. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">*\u00a0 \u039f <strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#1c3f54\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/mark><\/strong> \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1968, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039a\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u039e\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 1990 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf 1993 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc Master of Arts \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039f\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 2002 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0391\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2\u00a0 \u0395\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2<em> <\/em>\u039e\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2-\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2* &nbsp; \u039f Ahmet Midhat Efendi \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd-\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b6\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae-\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1. \u00a0\u00a0\u039f Ahmet Midhat Efendi \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1844 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 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